Formal carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. In toxicity studies, rats were dosed weekly for 6 weeks with gemtuzumab ozogamicin at doses up to 7.2 mg/m2/week. After 6 weeks of dosing, rats developed oval cell hyperplasia in the liver, which is considered a potentially preneoplastic finding, at 7.2 mg/m2/week (approximately 16 times the exposure in patients at the maximum recommended dose, based on AUC). Other preneoplastic or neoplastic changes observed with other antibody-calicheamicin conjugates in rats included basophilic and/or eosinophilic altered cell foci and hepatocellular adenomas. The relevance of these animal findings to humans is uncertain.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin was clastogenic in vivo in the bone marrow of mice that received single doses greater than or equal to 22.1 mg/m2. This is consistent with the known induction of DNA breaks by calicheamicin. N-acetyl gamma calicheamicin dimethyl hydrazide (the released cytotoxic agent) was mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay and clastogenic in the in vitro micronucleus assay in human TK6 cells.
In a female fertility study, female rats were administered daily intravenous doses of gemtuzumab ozogamicin up to 1.08 mg/m2 for 14 days before mating with untreated male rats. Significant decreases in the numbers of corpora lutea and implants were observed at 1.08 mg/m2, and dose-related decreases and increases in the number of live and dead embryos were observed at doses tested (approximately 0.4 times the exposure in patients at the maximum recommended dose, based on AUC). Increased embryofetal lethality at ≥0.36 mg/m2 was observed in the presence of maternal toxicity that included decreases in gestational body weight and food consumption. Additional findings in female reproductive organs (ovarian atrophy and decreased numbers of follicles associated with atrophy of the uterus, vagina and mammary glands) occurred in rats and monkeys after dosing with other antibody-calicheamicin conjugates.
Fertility was assessed in male rats administered daily intravenous doses of gemtuzumab ozogamicin from 0.12 to 1.08 mg/m2 for 28 days, followed by mating with untreated females, either at the end of the dosing period or after a 9-week drug-free period. Male fertility index was decreased at doses ≥0.12 mg/m2 (approximately 1.2 times the exposure in patients at the maximum recommended dose, based on AUC). Effects on testes and epididymides occurred at ≥0.12 mg/m2, including smaller size and lower weights in addition to adverse effects on sperm. Partial recovery was noted for some effects. Additional effects in male reproductive organs occurred in repeat-dose toxicology studies and included effects on mammary gland, testes, and epididymides in rats at ≥2.4 mg/m2/week and effects on testes and epididymides in monkeys at 21.6 mg/m2/week. Testicular effects in male monkeys with other antibody-calicheamicin conjugates included degeneration of seminiferous tubules and decreased epididymidal sperm, which did not reverse following a 6-week drug-free period.
Formal carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted with gemtuzumab ozogamicin. In toxicity studies, rats were dosed weekly for 6 weeks with gemtuzumab ozogamicin at doses up to 7.2 mg/m2/week. After 6 weeks of dosing, rats developed oval cell hyperplasia in the liver, which is considered a potentially preneoplastic finding, at 7.2 mg/m2/week (approximately 16 times the exposure in patients at the maximum recommended dose, based on AUC). Other preneoplastic or neoplastic changes observed with other antibody-calicheamicin conjugates in rats included basophilic and/or eosinophilic altered cell foci and hepatocellular adenomas. The relevance of these animal findings to humans is uncertain.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin was clastogenic in vivo in the bone marrow of mice that received single doses greater than or equal to 22.1 mg/m2. This is consistent with the known induction of DNA breaks by calicheamicin. N-acetyl gamma calicheamicin dimethyl hydrazide (the released cytotoxic agent) was mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay and clastogenic in the in vitro micronucleus assay in human TK6 cells.
In a female fertility study, female rats were administered daily intravenous doses of gemtuzumab ozogamicin up to 1.08 mg/m2 for 14 days before mating with untreated male rats. Significant decreases in the numbers of corpora lutea and implants were observed at 1.08 mg/m2, and dose-related decreases and increases in the number of live and dead embryos were observed at doses tested (approximately 0.4 times the exposure in patients at the maximum recommended dose, based on AUC). Increased embryofetal lethality at ≥0.36 mg/m2 was observed in the presence of maternal toxicity that included decreases in gestational body weight and food consumption. Additional findings in female reproductive organs (ovarian atrophy and decreased numbers of follicles associated with atrophy of the uterus, vagina and mammary glands) occurred in rats and monkeys after dosing with other antibody-calicheamicin conjugates.
Fertility was assessed in male rats administered daily intravenous doses of gemtuzumab ozogamicin from 0.12 to 1.08 mg/m2 for 28 days, followed by mating with untreated females, either at the end of the dosing period or after a 9-week drug-free period. Male fertility index was decreased at doses ≥0.12 mg/m2 (approximately 1.2 times the exposure in patients at the maximum recommended dose, based on AUC). Effects on testes and epididymides occurred at ≥0.12 mg/m2, including smaller size and lower weights in addition to adverse effects on sperm. Partial recovery was noted for some effects. Additional effects in male reproductive organs occurred in repeat-dose toxicology studies and included effects on mammary gland, testes, and epididymides in rats at ≥2.4 mg/m2/week and effects on testes and epididymides in monkeys at 21.6 mg/m2/week. Testicular effects in male monkeys with other antibody-calicheamicin conjugates included degeneration of seminiferous tubules and decreased epididymidal sperm, which did not reverse following a 6-week drug-free period.
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